Investigation on North American Microgrid Facility

Ramazan Bayindir, Eklas Hossain, Ersan Kabalci, Kazi Md Masum Billah

Abstract


According to international reports that have also cited in this article, North America covers the 66% of the global electricity that has generated in microgrids. Besides its 2088 MW installed microgrid capacity in 2012, many new microgrids have been installed in North America. The microgrid plants under development, new planned, and proposed will pursue the leading rank of North America all over the world. Therefore, it has intended to analyze the microgrid plants and studies performed in this region to disseminate the findings. This paper presents a review of various North American distributed generation plants together with their tabled test-beds. The microgrid (MG) projects introduced in this study are surveyed according to their generator structures, their integration to the point of common coupling (PCC), and operation structures. The uniqueness of each MG project has shown in comparison to several others. In addition, the emergency and crisis management methods, precautions against overcharge and low generation issues are also introduced for each MG plant. This allows the researcher to visualize today’s microgrid and to gain insight into the possible evolvement of future grids. The study concludes by emphasizing significant findings and by suggesting potential research areas that would enhance microgrid facilities.

Keywords


Microgrid facility; distributed generation technology; microgrid test-bed; renewable resource

Full Text:

PDF

References


Peter Asmus, “Why Microgrids are Inevitableâ€, Distributed Energy, p.44-47, September/October 2011,http://www.distributedenergy.com/DE/Articles/Why_Microgrids_Are_Inevitable_15471.aspx

William Pentland, “Grid Problems Boost Fuel Cell Marketâ€, 11/21/2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2011/11/21/fuel-cells-going-el-fuego/

IEEE&Zpryme Report, “Power Systems of The Future: The Case for Energy Storage, Distributed Generation, and Microgridsâ€, November 2012, Available at, http://www.admu.edu.ph/sites/default/files/zprymepowersystems.pdf

Z. Ye, R. Walling, N. Miller, P. Du, K. Nelson, “Facility Microgridsâ€, Subcontract Report, NREL/SR-560-38019, May 2005.

Z. Ye, R. Walling, L. Garces, R. Zhou, L. Li, T. Wang, “Study and Development of Anti-Islanding Control for Grid-Connected Invertersâ€, NREL/SR-560-36243, May 2004.

Peter Asmus, Kerry-Ann Adamson, “Military Microgrids Stationary Base, Forward Operating Base, and Mobile Smart Grid Networks for Renewables Integration, Demand Response, and Mission-Critical Securityâ€, Research Report Pike, 2012.

Chris Marnay, Ryan Firestone, “Microgrids: An emerging paradigm for meeting building electricity and heat requirements efficiently and with appropriate energy qualityâ€, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2007.

Ward Bower, Dan Ton, Ross Guttromson, Steve Glover, Jason Stamp, Dhruv Bhatnagar, Jim Reilly, “The Advanced Microgrid Integration and Interoperabilityâ€, Sandia National Laboratories, 2014.

Su, Wencong, and Jianhui Wang. " Energy Management Systems in Microgrid Operations," The Electricity Journal Volume 25, Issue 8, October 2012, Pages 45–60

Nikos Hatziargyriou, Hiroshi Asano, Reza Iravani, Chris Marnay, “Microgrids: An Overview of Ongoing Research, Development, and Demonstration Projectsâ€, IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, pp.73-94, july/august 2007, http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/research/hawaii-hydrogen-power-park

Farid Katiraei, Chad Abbey, Susan Tang, Maude Gauthier, “Planned Islanding on Rural Feeders – Utility Perspectiveâ€, Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, pp. 1-6, Pittsburgh, PA, 2008.

R. H. Lasseter, J. H. Eto, B. Schenkman, J. Stevens, H. Vollkommer, D. Klapp, E. Linton, H. Hurtado, and J. Roy, “CERTS Microgrid Laboratory Test Bed,†IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol.26, no.1, pp.325-332, Jan. 2011.

Lubna Mariam; Malabika Basu; Michael F. Conlon; “A Review of Existing Microgridâ€, Architectures Journal of Engineering, pp.1-8, 2013.

N.W.A. Lidula, A.D. Rajapakse, “Microgrids research: A review of experimental microgrids and test systemsâ€, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 186-202, January 2011.

Taha Selim Ustun, Cagil Ozansoy, Aladin Zayegh, “Recent developments in microgrids and example cases around the world—A reviewâ€, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 15, no. 8, Pages 4030-4041, October 2011.

Maude Gauthier, “Planned islanding on rural feeders — utility perspectiveâ€, 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, pp.1-6, 20-24 July 2008

Joseph H. Eto, “Certs Microgrid Laboratory Test Bedâ€, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, pp.1-71, February 2009.

Krishnamurthy, S.; Jahns, T.M.; Lasseter, R.H., "The operation of diesel gensets in a CERTS microgrid," 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, pp.1-8, 20-24 July 2008.

Charles K. Sao, and Peter W. Lehn; “Control and Power Management of Converter Fed Microgridsâ€, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 23, no.3, pp. 1088-1098, August 2008.

R. Teodorescu, “Industrial PhD course on Microgrids “Microgrid Overviewâ€, Alborg University, http://www.et.aau.dk/

R. P. Raffaelle, A. F. Hepp, G. A. Landis, and D. J. Hoffman, "Mission applicability assessment of integrated power components and systems," Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 10, pp. 391-397, 2002.

http://www.uwig.org/DWSW2013/UWIG_HOMER_Energy.pdf

J. Eto, R. Lasseter, B. Schenkman, J. Stevens, H. Volkommer, D. Klapp, E. Linton, H. Hurtado, J. Roy, N. Lewis. 2008. CERTS Microgrid Laboratory Test Bed.(California Energy Commission CEC-500-03-024)

Hatziargyriou, N.; Asano, H.; Iravani, R.; Marnay, C., "Microgrids," IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol.5, no.4, pp.78-94, July-Aug. 2007.

B. Buchholz, A. Engler, N. Hatziargyriou, J. Scholtes, U. Schluecking, and I. Furones Fartos, “Lessons learned: European pilot installations for distributed generation. An overview by the IRED cluster,†CIGRE 2006, Paris, August 2006, paper C6-302.

H. Farhangi, "Intelligent Micro Grid Research at BCIT," Proc. IEEE Canada Electric Power Conference (EPEC), pp. 1-7, Oct. 2008.

Aki, H., "Independent hybrid renewable energy systems: Example applications around the world," 2010 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp.1-4, 25-29 July 2010

Uriarte, F.M.; Gattozzi, A.L.; Herbst, J.D.; Estes, H.B.; Hotz, T.J.; Kwasinski, A.; Hebner, R.E., "A DC Arc Model for Series Faults in Low Voltage Microgrids," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol.3, no.4, pp.2063-2070, Dec. 2012.

Z. Jiang, and Roger A. Dougal, “Hierarchical Microgrid Paradigm for Integration of Distributed Energy Resources,†IEEE Conferences, Page: 1-8, 2008

Zhenhua Jiang; Dougal, R.A.; “Hierarchical Microgrid Paradigm for Integration Of Distributed Energy Resourcesâ€, 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, pp.1-8, 20-24 July 2008.

Jay P. Kelley, David A. Wetz, James A. Reed, Isaac J. Cohen, Gregory K. Turner, Wei-Jen Lee "The impact of power quality when high power pulsed DC and continuous AC loads are simultaneously operated on a MicroGrid testbed," 2013 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS), pp.6-12, 22-24 April 2013

S. Glover, J. Neely, F. White, P. Foster, O. Wasynczuk, S. Pekarek, B. "Secure Scalable Microgrid Test Bed at Sandia National Laboratories," 2012 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER), pp.23-27, 27-31 May 2012.

Salehi V, Mohamed A, Mohammed O A, "Implementation of real-time optimal power flow management system on hybrid AC/DC smart microgrid," 2012 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS), pp.1-8, 7-11 Oct. 2012.

Hussam Alatrash, Ruba A. Amarin, Cheung Lam, "Enabling Large-Scale PV Integration into the Grid," 2012 IEEE Green Technologies Conference, pp.1-6, 19-20 April 2012.

Herbst, J.D.; Gattozzi, A.L.; Ouroua, A.; Uriarte, F.M., "Flexible test bed for MVDC and HFAC electric ship power system architectures for Navy ships," 2011 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS), pp.66-71, 10-13 April 2011.

Atsushi Denda, “Smart Grid Demonstration in Commercial Areas in Albuquerque, NMâ€, September, 2010.

http://www.4thintegrationconference.com/downloads/16_SG%20Post%20Workshop_Albuquerque%20uGrid_Shimz.pdf

Rafael De La Torre, “Nedo/Los Alamos Collaborative Microgrid Research Projectâ€, http://www.nnmcab.energy.gov/7-presentations/LACNEDOPresentationforJune15V2.pdf

Hideki Hayashi, “Smart Grid Demonstration In Los Alamos", 4th International Conference on Integration of Renewable and Distributed Energy Resources, http://www.smartgrid.epri.com/doc/14_SG%20Post%20Workshop_LosAlamos%20uGrid_Hayashi.PDF

Farhadi, M., Mohamed, A. and Mohammed, O., “Connectivity and Bidirectional Energy Transfer in DC Microgrid Featuring Different Voltage Characteristics,†Green Technologies Conference, 2013 IEEE, Denver, CO; DOI:10.1109/GreenTech 2013.45.

Yan Yang and Williams, E.,“Theoretical efficiency and asymptotic cost of grid-connected photovoltaic systems,†Sustainable Systems and Technology, 2009. IEEE International Symposium on; DOI: 10.1109/ISSST.2009.5156745.

EPRI. Micro Grid Energy Storage Demonstration. CEC/DOE Energy Storage Collaboration. http://energystoragedemo.epri.com/cec/microgrid/microgrid.asp 1 November 2009.

Chris McKay, “Ultra-capacitor Energy Bridge UPS for Palmdale Water Districtâ€, DOE/ESS PEER Review November 3, 2006 Northern Power Systems, Inc.

Jonathan Lynch, “CERTS MicroGrid Symposium, Northern Power Systems, Update on Mad River MicroGrid and Related Activitiesâ€, June 17, 2005 Northern Power Systems, Inc.

James Glennie - WEICan and Carl Brothers, Frontier Power Systems, “Wind-Diesel Technology Getting It Right†International Wind-Diesel Workshop, April 23-25, 2008, Ramea, NL.

Farhangi, H., “Intelligent Micro Grid Research at BCITâ€, Electric Power Conference, 2008, IEEE Canada.

Stamp, J. and Stinebaugh, J. , “Microgrid modeling to support the design processesâ€, Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012 IEEE.

Lubna Mariam, Malabika Basu, and Michael F. Conlon; “A Review of Existing Microgridâ€, Architectures Journal of Engineering, pp.1-8, 2013.

Ilhami Colak, Sevki Demirbas, Ibrahim Sefa, Erdal Irmak and H Tolga Kahraman, “Remote controlling and monitoring of HVAC system over Internetâ€, Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Volume: 67 Issue: 9, Pages: 680-684 Published: SEP 2008.

Eklas Hossain, Ersan Kabalci, Ramazan Bayindir and Ronald Perez “Microgrid testbeds around the world: State of artâ€, Energy Conversion and Management 86 (2014) 132–153.

Eklas Hossain, Ersan Kabalci, Ramazan Bayindir and Ronald Perez “A Comprehensive Study on Microgrid Technologyâ€, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, Vol.4, No.4, 2014 1094–1107.

Eklas Hossain, Sheroz Khan and Ahad Ali “Low voltage power line characterization as a data transfer method in public electricity distribution networks and indoor distribution networksâ€, Electric Power Conference in Canada, 2008. (EPEC) 2008, Pg. No. 1-7.

Eklas Hossain, Sheroz Khan and Ahad Ali “Modeling Low Voltage Power Line as a Data Communication Channelâ€, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology) 2008, Vol. 45, Pg. No. 148-152.

Eklas Hossain, Riza Muhida, Ahmad Faris Dzulkipli and Khairul Azizi Abdul Rahman “Solar cell efficiency improvement using compound parabolic concentrator and an implementation of sun tracking systemâ€, International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT) 2008, Pg. No. 723-728.

Eklas Hossain, Riza Muhida, and Ahad Ali “Efficiency improvement of solar cell using compound parabolic concentrator and sun tracking systemâ€, Electric Power Conference in Canada, 2008. (EPEC) 2008, Pg. No. 1-8.

Ersan Kabalci, Ramazan Bayindir and Eklas Hossain “Hybrid microgrid testbed involving wind/solar/fuel cell plants: A desing and analysis testbedâ€, International Conference on Energy Research and Application (ICRERA), 2014, Pg. No. 880-885.

Ramazan Bayindir, Erdal Bekiroglu, Eklas Hossain and Ersan Kabalci “Microgrid facility at European unionâ€, International Conference on Energy Research and Application (ICRERA), 2014, Pg. No. 865-872.

Ersan Kabalci, Eklas Hossain and Ramazan Bayindir “Microgrid test-bed design with renewable energy sourcesâ€, International Conference on Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference and Exposition (PEMC), 2014, Pg. No. 907-911.

Eklas Hossain, Ramazan Bayindir, Ersan Kabalci and Erdal Bekiroglu “Microgrid facility at European unionâ€, International Conference on Energy Research and Application (ICRERA), 2014, Pg. No. 873-879.




DOI (PDF): https://doi.org/10.20508/ijrer.v5i2.2203.g6611

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Online ISSN: 1309-0127

Publisher: Gazi University

IJRER is cited in SCOPUS, EBSCO, WEB of SCIENCE (Clarivate Analytics);

IJRER has been cited in Emerging Sources Citation Index from 2016 in web of science.

WEB of SCIENCE in 2025; 

h=35,

Average citation per item=6.59

Last three Years Impact Factor=(1947+1753+1586)/(146+201+78)=5286/425=12.43

Category Quartile:Q4